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References

The information below can be used to find and access academic papers from accredited journals, textbooks, images (infographics, flow charts, etc.), and articles that were used in the creation of this curriculum. Videos and podcasts that are listed in the teacher guides can be found under .

The sources that were used specifically in the creation of the lecture presentations are cited in the presentations themselves. Two online dictionaries ( and ) were used to obtain basic definitions and are also cited in the presentations.

MDPI, ResearchGate, Semantic Scholar, and Wiley Online Library are online databases for academic papers. These websites can be used to access (or request, if not yet uploaded) material directly from the listed authors of a paper.

Module 1: What is Risk?

• Bründl, M., Romang, H.E., Bischof, N., and Rheinberger, C.M. (2009). The risk concept and its application in natural hazard risk management in Switzerland. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, Volume: 9, Issue: 3 (801-813).
  • Available at:
• Cardona, O.D., van Aalst, M.K., Birkmann, J., Fordham, M., McGregor, G., Perez, R., Pulwarty, R.S., Schipper, E.L.F, and Sinh, B.T. (2012). Determinants of risk: exposure and vulnerability.ÌýManaging the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation.ÌýIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA.
  • Available at:Ìý
• Dey, B., and Singh, R.B. (2006).ÌýNatural Hazards and Disaster Management.ÌýCentral Board of Secondary Education (CBSE). Delhi, India.
  • Available at:
• Schneiderbauer, S., and Ehrlich, D. (2004). Risk, Hazard and People’s Vulnerability to Natural Hazards: a Review of Definitions, Concepts and Data. Joint Research Centre, European Commission. Brussels, Belgium.
  • Available at:
• Smart, G. (2019). Risk and vulnerability.
  • Available at:
• Thailand Disaster Management Flow Chart
  • Not available online.
• van Westen, C.J. (n.d.). Introduction to Exposure, Vulnerability, and risk assessment.ÌýCaribbean Handbook on Risk Information Management.
  • Available at:Ìý

Module 2: Risk Perception

• Bronfman, N.C., Cisternas, P.C., López-Vázquez, E., and Cifuentes, L.A. (2015). Trust and risk perception of natural hazards: implications for risk preparedness in Chile.ÌýNatural Hazards, Volume:Ìý81, Issue: 1 (307-327).
  • Available at:
• Buchecker, M., Salvini, G., Di Baldassarre, G., Semenzin, E., Maidl, E., and Marcomini, A. (2013). The role of risk perception in making flood risk management more effective.ÌýNatural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, Volume: 13, Issue: 11 (3013-3030).
  • Available at:
• Eiser, J.R., Bostrom, A., Burton, I., Johnston, D.M., McClure, J., Paton, D., van der Pligt, J., and White, M.P. (2012). Risk interpretation and action: A conceptual framework for responses to natural hazards.ÌýInternational Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, Volume: 1 (5-16).
  • Available at:
• Ho, M.-C., Shaw, D., Lin, S., and Chiu, Y.-C. (2008). How Do Disaster Characteristics Influence Risk Perception?ÌýRisk Analysis, Volume:Ìý28, Issue: 3 (635-643).
  • Available at:
• Janmaimool, P., and Watanabe, T. (2014). Evaluating Determinants of Environmental Risk Perception for Risk Management in Contaminated Sites.ÌýInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Volume: 11, Issue:Ìý6 (6291-6313).
  • Available at:
• Mañez, M., Carmona, M., Haro, D., and Hanger, S. (2016).ÌýRisk perception.ÌýNovel Multi-Sector Partnerships in Disaster Risk Management. Results of the ENHANCE project, Chapter 3 (51-67).
  • Available at:Ìý
• Plapp, T.,Ìý and Werner, U. (2006). Understanding risk perception from natural hazards: examples from Germany.ÌýRISK 21 – Coping with Risks Due to Natural Hazards in the 21st Century (101-108).
  • Available at:
• Sjöberg, L. (1999). Risk Perception by the Public and by Experts: A Dilemma in Risk Management.ÌýHuman Ecology Review, Volume: 6, Issue: 2 (1-9).
  • Available at:
• Wachinger, G., and Renn, O. (2010). Risk perception and natural hazards. CapHaz-Net WP3 Report, DIALOGIK Non-Profit Institute for Communication and Cooperative Research.
  • Available at:
• Young, E. (1998). Dealing with hazards and disasters: risk perception and community participation in management.ÌýAustralian Journal of Emergency Management, Volume: 13, Issue: 2 (14-16).
  • Available at:

Module 3: Risk Communication

• Asharose, Saizen, I., and Sasi, P. (2015). Awareness Workshop as an Effective Tool and Approach for Education in Disaster Risk Reduction: A Case Study from Tamil Nadu, India.ÌýSustainability, Volume: 7, Issue: 7 (8965-8984).
  • Available at:
• Fischhoff, B. (1995). Risk Perception and Communication Unplugged: Twenty Years of Process.ÌýRisk Analysis, Volume: 15, Issue: 2 (137-145).
  • Available at:
• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (1998).ÌýBARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE RISK COMMUNICATION.
  • Available at:
• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (1998).ÌýSTRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE RISK COMMUNICATION.
  • Available at:
• Icebreaker Ideas Editor (2019).ÌýThe Telephone Game.
  • Available at:
• Janmaimool, P., and Watanabe, T. (2014). Evaluating Determinants of Environmental Risk Perception for Risk Management in Contaminated Sites.ÌýInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Volume: 11, Issue:Ìý6 (6291-6313).
  • Available at:

Module 4: Vulnerability

• California Hospital Association – Emergency Preparedness (n.d.).ÌýHazard Vulnerability Analysis Tool.
  • Available at:
• Cardona, O.D., van Aalst, M.K., Birkmann, J., Fordham, M., McGregor, G., Perez, R., Pulwarty, R.S., Schipper, E.L.F, and Sinh, B.T. (2012). Determinants of risk: exposure and vulnerability.ÌýManaging the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation.ÌýIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA.
  • Available at:Ìý
• Du, Y., Ding, Y., Li, Z., and Cao, G. (2015). The role of hazard vulnerability assessments in disaster preparedness and prevention in China.ÌýMilitary Medical Research, Volume:Ìý2, Article Number:Ìý27.
  • Available at:
• Esri (n.d.).ÌýResilient by Design.
  • Available at:
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) (2012). Integrated Emergency Management Course – Exercise Simulation System Document (ESSD).
  • Not available online.
• Fuchs, S., Birkmann, J., and Glade, T. (2012). Vulnerability assessment in natural hazard and risk analysis: current approaches and future challenges.ÌýNatural Hazards, Volume:Ìý64, Issue: 3 (1969-1975).
  • Available at:
• National Research Council (2012).ÌýDisaster Resilience: A National Imperative. The National Academies Press. Washington, DC, USA.
  • Available at:
• Schneiderbauer, S., and Ehrlich, D. (2004). Risk, Hazard and People’s Vulnerability to Natural Hazards: a Review of Definitions, Concepts and Data. Joint Research Centre, European Commission. Brussels, Belgium.
  • Available at:
• Turkana WESCOORD Task Force (n.d.). VCA tool and guidelines: assessing hazard, risk and vulnerability.ÌýTurkana, Kenya.
  • Not available online.

Module 5: Probabilistic Risk Analysis

• Brown, P., Daigneault, A., Tjernström, E., and Zou, W. (2018). Natural Disasters, Social Protection, and Risk Perceptions.ÌýWorld Development, Volume:Ìý104 (310-325).
  • Available at:
• Cardona, O.D., Ordaz, M.G., Reinoso, E., Yamín, L.E., and Barbat, A.H. (2012). CAPRA – Comprehensive Approach to Probabilistic Risk Assessment: International Initiative for Risk Management Effectiveness.Ìý15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Lisbon, Portugal.
  • Available at:Ìý
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2014).ÌýRisk Assessment Forum White Paper: Probabilistic Risk Assessment Methods and Case Studies.
  • Available at:
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) (2019).ÌýFlood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM).
  • Available at:
• Shah, J.T. (2004).ÌýProbabilistic risk assessment method for prioritization of risk factorsÌý[Master’s thesis, Louisiana State University]. LSU Digital Commons.
  • Available at:

Module 6: Risk Management

• Buchecker, M., Salvini, G., Di Baldassarre, G., Semenzin, E., Maidl, E., and Marcomini, A. (2013). The role of risk perception in making flood risk management more effective.ÌýNatural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, Volume: 13, Issue: 11 (3013-3030).
  • Available at:
• Cardona, O.D., van Aalst, M.K., Birkmann, J., Fordham, M., McGregor, G., Perez, R., Pulwarty, R.S., Schipper, E.L.F, and Sinh, B.T. (2012). Determinants of risk: exposure and vulnerability.ÌýManaging the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation.ÌýIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA.
  • Available at:Ìý
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) (2012).ÌýIntegrated Emergency Management Course – Exercise Simulation System Document (ESSD).
  • Not available online.
• Hoyt, R.E., and Liebenberg, A.P. (2011). The Value of Enterprise Risk Management.ÌýThe Journal of Risk and Insurance, Volume: 78, Issue: 4 (795-822).
  • Available at:
• Kenny, G. (2016).ÌýStrategic Plans Are Less Important than Strategic Planning.
  • Available at:
• Lee, B., Preston, F., and Green, G. (2012).ÌýPreparing for High-impact, Low-probability Events: Lessons from Eyjafjallajökull.ÌýChatham House.
  • Available at:
• Mañez, M., Carmona, M., Haro, D., and Hanger, S. (2016).ÌýRisk perception.ÌýNovel Multi-Sector Partnerships in Disaster Risk Management.ÌýResults of the ENHANCE project, Chapter 3 (51-67).
  • Available at:Ìý
• Moe, T.L., and Pathranarakul, P. (2006). An integrated approach to natural disaster management: Public project management and its critical success factors.ÌýDisaster Prevention and Management, Volume: 15, Issue: 3 (396-413).
  • Available at:
• Sjöberg, L. (1999). Risk Perception by the Public and by Experts: A Dilemma in Risk Management.ÌýHuman Ecology Review, Volume: 6, Issue: 2 (1-9).
  • Available at:Ìý
• Surya, P., Begum, I., and Rita (2013). Activity Book on Disaster Management for School Students. National Institute of Disaster Management. Delhi, India.
  • Available at:
• Thailand Disaster Management Flow Chart
  • Not available online.

Module 7: Mitigation and Adaptation

• Asian Disaster Preparedness Center – Regional Consultative Committee on Disaster Management (2008). Integrating Disaster Risk Reduction into School Curriculum: Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Education.
  • Available at:
• Asharose, Saizen, I., and Sasi, P. (2015). Awareness Workshop as an Effective Tool and Approach for Education in Disaster Risk Reduction: A Case Study from Tamil Nadu, India.ÌýSustainability, Volume: 7, Issue: 7 (8965-8984).
  • Available at:Ìý
• Bird, D.K. (2009). The use of questionnaires for acquiring information on public perception of natural hazards and risk mitigation – a review of current knowledge and practice.ÌýNatural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, Volume: 9, Issue: 4 (1307-1325).
  • Available at:
• Buchecker, M., Salvini, G., Di Baldassarre, G., Semenzin, E., Maidl, E., and Marcomini, A. (2013). The role of risk perception in making flood risk management more effective.ÌýNatural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, Volume: 13, Issue: 11 (3013-3030).
  • Available at:Ìý
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) (2017). Estimated Flood Loss Potential.
  • Available at:Ìý
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) (2020).ÌýData Visualization: Historical Flood Risk and Cost.
  • Available at:
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) (2020). National Flood Insurance Program Community Rating System.Ìý
  • Available at:
• Kunreuther, H. (1996). Mitigating Disaster Losses through Insurance.ÌýJournal of Risk and Uncertainty, Volume: 12, Issue: 2-3 (171-187).
  • Available at:
• Petal, M.A., and Izadkhah, Y.O. (2008).ÌýConcept Note: Formal and Informal Education for Disaster Risk Reduction.ÌýInternational Conference on School Safety. Islamabad, Pakistan.
  • Available at:
• Pogol, G. (2020). Flood insurance guide.
  • Available at:
• Selby, D., and Kagawa, F. (2012).ÌýDisaster Risk Reduction in School Curricula: Case Studies from Thirty Countries. United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF). Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Available at:
• Society for Risk Analysis (SRA) (2015).ÌýSociety for Risk Analysis Glossary.
  • Available at:
• United Nations Inter-Agency Secretariat of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN/ISDR) (2006). 2006-2007 World Disaster Reduction Campaign: Disaster risk reduction begins at school.Ìý
  • Available at: